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This release occurs when the multivesicular body fuses with the plasma membrane. 9,10 The intraluminal vesicles that are secreted into the extracellular space become exosomes. Most intraluminal vesicles fuse with lysosomes for subsequent degradation, while others are released into the extracellular space. Intraluminal vesicles are essentially the precursors of exosomes, and form by budding into the lumen of the multivesicular body. Multivesicular bodies are a specialized subset of endosomes that contain membrane-bound intraluminal vesicles. While they are essential for normal physiological conditions, they also act to potentiate cellular stress and damage under disease states. 7,8Įxosomes have been described as messengers of both health and disease. heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, adhesion molecules, membrane transporter and fusion proteins) can directly affect target cells. 5,6 MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are shuttled by exosomes and alter gene expression while proteins (e.g. There is growing evidence to support this, such as the identification of intact and functional exosomal RNA in recipient cells and certain RNA-binding proteins have been identified as likely players in the transfer of RNA to target cells. One of the main mechanisms by which exosomes are thought to exert their effects is via the transfer of exosome-associated RNA to recipient cells, where they influence protein machinery. Exosomes represent a novel mode of cell communication and contribute to a spectrum of biological processes in health and disease. It was originally thought that exosomes were simply cellular waste products, however their function is now known to extend beyond waste removal. Why are they of interest and what roles do they have?Įxosomes are of general interest for their role in cell biology, and for their potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. *Confusingly, there is inconsistency in the literature while some sources differentiate multivesicular bodies from late endosomes, others use the two interchangeably. 4 The vesicles that accumulate within multivesicular bodies are categorized as intraluminal vesicles while inside the cytoplasm – and exosomes when released from the cell. 3 The main function of multivesicular bodies is to separate components that will be recycled elsewhere from those that will be degraded by lysosomes. Multivesicular bodies* are unique organelles in the endocytic pathway that function as intermediates between early and late endosomes. 2 Exosomes are defined by how they are formed – through the fusion and exocytosis of multivesicular bodies into the extracellular space. 1 Enveloped by a lipid bilayer, exosomes are released into the extracellular environment containing a complex cargo of contents derived from the original cell, including proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA and DNA.
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Exosomes are a class of cell-derived extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, and are typically 30-150 nm in diameter – the smallest type of extracellular vesicle.